Ngā pounamu karāheā, ko ngā ipu he ipu karāhe, e whakamahia ana mō te penapena me te kawe i ngā taonga. I runga i ō rātou whakamahinga me ō rātou āhua rerekē, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā pounamu karāhe me ngā ipu ki ētahi momo:
- Ngā pounamu karāhe noa: te momo pounamu karāhe tino noa, e whakamahia ana mō te penapena kai, inu, rongoā, me ētahi atu taonga.
- Ngā pounamu karāhe whakamaroke: i muri i te maimoatanga motuhake, tō rātou kaha me teātete pāngaka taea te whakarei ake, e whakamahia ana hei penapena i ngā taonga pakarukaru, i ngā āhuatanga rānei e tūpono ana kia pakaru te karāhe.
- Ngā pounamu karāhe korehau: he rite tonu kingā mowhiti hirime ngā taputapu whakaputa hau i te waha o te pounamu, ka taea e rātou te pupuri i te āhua korehau i roto, e whakamahia ana hei penapena i ngā taonga ka tere te waikura, ka pirau rānei.
- Ngā pounamu karāhe me ngā taupoki kua hangaia ki roto: kua whakauruhia te taupoki me te tinana o te pounamu, e whakamahia ana mō ngā taonga e hiahiatia ana he takai hiri, pērā i ngā rongoā.
- Ngā pounamu karāhe whakapaipai: e whakamahia ana mō te whakapaipai,ngā whakaritenga putiputi, me ētahi atu kaupapa, me ngā āhua me ngā tae rerekē ka taea te whakarite kia rite ki te hiahia.
- Ētahi atu pounamu karāhe motuhake: pērā i ngā pounamu matū matū,ngā pounamu hinu kakara, ngā pounamu hinu kakara, me ētahi atu, i hoahoatia, i hangaia hoki kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o ngā taonga rerekē.
- I roto i ēnei, ka taea te whakarōpū anō i ngā pounamu karāhe noa mā te tae, pērā i te parauri mō te waina whero, te kikorangi mō te pia, te kakariki pouri mō te hinu oriwa, me ētahi atu.
I te wā o te Tang, kua whakamahia kētia e Haina ngā paipa pupuhi hei hanga ipu karāhe tuwhera.Ngā whānau waiata.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā pounamu karāhe i roto i te ao tākai o ngā inu, ngā inu waipiro, ngā hua matū, ngā rongoā, ngā taonga mātauranga, me ngā mea whakapaipai. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu rauemi tākai, he pai ngā painga o ngā pounamu karāhe pērā i te mārama, te ngāwari ki te horoi, te pumau matū teitei, te kore e poke i ngā mea o roto, te pai o te hau, te pai o te mahi rokiroki, ngā āhua me ngā whakapaipai rerekē, me te taea te hangarua. Heoi, ko ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā pounamu karāhe ko tōna ngoikore me te taumaha. Heoi anō, me te whakapai tonu o te hangarau hanga, kei te āta whakatikahia ēnei ngoikoretanga.
Ko te pūtake o te umanga karāhe hou ka taea te whai i ngā tau i waenganui i te tau 1904 me te tau 1908. Ko te Wheketere Karāhe o Shanghai Jinghua, i whakatūria i te tau 1931, koia te wheketere tuatahi i Haina ki te hanga tonu i ngā pounamu karāhe me ngā ipu mā te whakamahi i ngā oumu pūhaumāota whakaora mura me te āhua hū hōiho, me ngā mīhini hanga pounamu aunoa. I ngā tau 1950, i hangaia e Haina he maha ngā wheketere hanga pounamu hou nui. I ngā tau 1980, ko te whakapainga nui rawa atu i roto i te hanga pounamu karāhe ko te mama o te taumaha o ngā pounamu karāhe, i penapena ai i ngā rauemi mata, te wahie, te tere whakaputa tere ake, me te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe. I ngā tau 2010, kua kohia e ā mātou wheketere ngā tekau tau o te wheako whakaputa, kua whakapai ake, kua whakapai ake hoki i ngā rauemi mata, ā, kāore i roto i ā mātou pounamu karāhe ngā konganuku taumaha pērā i te mata me te mercury. Nā te whakapai ake i te umanga katoa, ko tengā āhuatanga hauorakua whakaatahia hoki te maha o ngā pounamu karāhe, ā, kua uru ā mātou hua ki ngā rarangi o ngā hua kua whakakorea. I taua wā anō,mātou wheketerewhakapai tonu me te whakahou i tetātai rauemi matao ngā pounamu karāhe i runga i te wheako, ka mārama ake ā mātou pounamu karāhe, ā, kāore he poke o te tae. Whai muri i te haere i roto i tētahi kaikawe whakamahana me te whakamatao 500-mita te roa, ka whakamatao noa ngā pounamu karāhe, ka pakari ake, ka roa ake, ka haumaru ake i ngā pounamu karāhe rite. Mō ā mātou hua, i tīmata mātou i te tikanga whakarōpū rauemi mata, he mea ahurei i roto i te umanga. Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā rauemi mata rerekē mō ngā pounamu karāhe rerekē, ngā whakamahinga rerekē, me ngā āhua rerekē, e hanga ana i ngā hua ātete-pēhanga pērā i ngā pounamu champagne, ngā pounamu pia, me ngā pounamu inu kia ātete-pēhanga ake, ngā hua utu nui pērā i ngā pounamu waina me ngā pounamu hinu kakara kia mārama ake, kia papai ake te āhua, ngā kapu wai me ētahi atu hua kia urutau ake kingā huringa tere o te pāmahana, ā, he iti te utu mō ngā ipu pīkara iti, ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakamahi. Ko tā mātou whāinga he hanga hua pai ake i te utu iti iho mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pai ake.
Ka rerekē pea te hanganga matū o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe i runga i ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga,ngā tikanga whakapūkara,tere whakapūtanga,ngā āhuatanga tukanga, me ngā momo rauemi mata. Ko te nuinga o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu he mea hanga ki te karāhe houra-raima-hirika. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te karāhe houra-raima-hirika ko te SiO2, Na2O, me te CaO. Mā te tāpiri i te nui tika o te Al2O3 me te MgO ka taea te whakaiti i te āhua o te tioata o te karāhe, te whakarei ake i te pumau matū me tekaha ā-mīhinio te karāhe, me te whakapai ake i te āheinga pokepoke o te karāhe. Ko te hanganga matū o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe houra-raima i te nuinga o ngā whenua o te ao ko SiO2 70-74%, CaO me MgO 10-14%, Na2O me K2O 13-16%, me Al2O3 1.5-2.5%. I te wā e hanga ana i ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe kore tae, ko te ihirangi o Fe2O3 i rotoonepu kuataHe tino iti (tata ki te 0.03%). Mā te tāpiri i te Cr2O3 me te Fe2O3 ka āhua kakariki te karāhe houra-raima noa, mā te tāpiri i te whanariki-waro, te MnO2 me te Fe2O3 ka āhua parauri te karāhe. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te karāhe borosilicate hei hanga pounamu me ngā ipu mō ngā rongoā nā te mea he tino pumau te matū. Ko ngā pounamu whakapaipai papai ka hangaia ki te karāhe tioata kei roto te mata, te barium, te konutea rānei, ko ētahi ka hangaia ki te karāhe miraka me te whakamahi i ngā fluoride hei ātete whakamā.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-06-2023